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Saturday, November 2, 2024

analyse the given salt for an acidic and a basic radical

 

EXPERIMENT NO - 01

 

OBJECTIVE :-  To analyse the given salt for an acidic and a basic radical.

 

OBSERVATION : -

 

S. NO.

EXPERIMENT

OBSERVATION

INFERENCE

 

 

PRELIMINARY TEST

 

 

1

Colour

Colourless

Cu2+   Fe3+   Ni2+ absent

 

 

2

Odour

NHlike smell

NH4+ may be present

 

 

 

1

ACIDIC RADICAL TEST

 

 

Dil. H2SO4 test

 

 

we take Test tube + salt + H2O +Dil. H2SO4

Colourless odourless gas evolves with brisk effervescence.

CO32- may be present

 

 

2

we Pass the gas in lime water in excess

Lime water turns milky which turns colourless when excess gas is passed.

CO32-is confirmed

 

 

BASIC RADICAL TEST

 

 

1

we take Test tube + salt + NaOH

Pungent smell of NH3 produces

Zero group present

 

 

2

we take Test tube + salt + H2O + Nessler reagent

Reddish brown precipitate forms

NH4+   confirm

 

 

 

 

 

 

RESULT:-   Ammonium ion (NH4+) basic radical and acetate anion (CO32--) acidic radicals are present in given salt.

EXPERIMENT NO – 01

 

OBJECTIVE :-  To analyse the given salt for an acidic and a basic radical

 

OBSERVATION : -

 

S. NO.

EXPERIMENT

OBSERVATION

INFERENCE

 

PRELIMINARY TEST

 

1

Colour

Colourless

Cu2+   Fe3+   Ni2+ absent

 

2

Odour

NHlike smell

NH4+ may be present

 

ACIDIC RADICAL TEST

 

Dil. H2SO4 test

 

1

we take Test tube + salt + H2O +Dil. H2SO4

colourless gas with vinegar like smell

CH3COO- may be present

 

2

we take Test tube + salt + H2O + oxalic acid

Characteristic smell of vinegar produces

CH3COO- is confirmed

 

BASIC RADICAL TEST

 

1

we take Test tube + salt + NaOH

Pungent smell of NH3 produces

Zero group present

 

2

we take Test tube + salt + H2O + Nessler reagent

Reddish brown precipitate forms

NH4+ is confirmed

 

 

RESULT: -   Ammonium ion (NH4+) basic radical and acetate anion (CH3COO-) acidic radicals are present in given salt.

 

EXPERIMENT NO. – 03

 

OBJECTIVE: - To analyse the given salt for an acidic and a basic radical.

 

OBSERVATION: -

 

S. No.

EXPERIMENT

OBSERVATION

INFERENCE

 

PRELIMINARY TEST

 

1

Colour

Colourless

Cu2+   Fe3+   Ni2+ absent

 

2

Odour

NHlike smell

NH4+ may be present

 

ACIDIC RADICAL TEST

 

Dil. H2SO4 test

 

1

we take Test tube + salt + H2O +Dil. H2SO4

No gas produces

SO42- is absent

 

Conc. H2SO4 test

 

2

we take Test tube + salt + H2O + Conc. H2SO4

Colourless gas with pungent smell

Clmay be present

 

3

CHROMYL CHLORIDE TETS:- Test tube + salt + solid potassium dichromate + Conc. H2SO4 + heat  pass the gas in Dil. NaOH + CH3COOH + lead acetate

Yellow precipitate forms.

Cl- is confirmed

 

BASIC RADICAL TEST

 

1

we take Test tube + salt + NaOH

Pungent smell of NH3 produces

Zero group present

 

2

we take Test tube + salt + H2O + Nessler reagent

Reddish brown precipitate forms

NH4+   is confirmed

 

RESULT:- Ammonium ion (NH4+) basic radical and chloride anion (Cl) acidic radicals are present in given  salt NH4Cl.

 

EXPERIMENT NO. - 04

 

OBJECTIVE:- To analyse the given salt for an acidic and a basic radical.

 

OBSERVATION :-

 

S. No.

EXPERIMENT

OBSERVATION

INFERENCE

 

PRELIMINARY TEST

 

1

Colour

Colourless

Cu2+   Fe3+   Ni2+  absent

 

2

Odour

No smell

NH4(CH3COO) absent

 

ACIDIC RADICAL TEST

 

Dil. H2SO4 test

 

1

we take Tets tube + salt + H2O +Dil. H2SO4

No gas produces

Dil H2SO4 group absent

 

Conc. H2SO4 test

 

2

we take Test tube + salt + H2O + Conc. H2SO4

Brown fume which intensifies when Cu turnings are added

NO3- may be present

 

3

we take Soda extract + CH3COOH + FeSO4 + Conc. H2SO4

Formation oif brown ring at the junction of solutions

NO3- is confirmed

 

BASIC RADICAL TEST

 

1

we take Test tube + salt + NaOH

No gas produces

Zero group absent

 

 

2

we take Test tube + salt + H2O + dil. HCl + filter

White precipitate is formed

First group may be present

 

3

we take Precipitate + H2O + K2Cr2O7

Yellow precipitate is formed

Pb2+ is confirmed

 

 

RESULT:-  Lead (Pb2+) basic radical and nitrate anion (NO3- ) acidic radicals are present in given salt Pb(NO3)3.

 

EXPERIMENT NO. - 05

 

OBJECTIVE:- To analyse the given salt for an acidic and a basic radical.

 

OBSERVATION :-

 

S. No.

EXPERIMENT

OBSERVATION

INFERENCE

 

PRELIMINARY TEST

 

1

Colour

Blue colour

Cu2+ may be presnt

 

2

Odour

No smell

NH4(CH3COO) absent

 

 

ACIDIC RADICAL TEST

 

Dil. H2SO4 test

 

1

tets tube + salt + H2O +Dil. H2SO4

No gas produces

Dil H2SO4 group absent

 

Conc. H2SO4 test

 

2

we take tets tube + salt + H2O + Conc. H2SO4

No gas produces

Conc. H2SO4 group absent

 

3

we take   test tube + salt + H2O + BaCl2

White precipitate forms

Sulphate (SO42-) is confirmed

 

BASIC RADICAL TEST

 

1

we take Test tube + salt + NaOH

No gas producses

Zero group absent

 

2

we take Test tube + salt + H2O + dil. HCl + filter

No precipitate forms

First group absent

 

3

we take Filtrate + H2S gas + filter

Black Precipitate forms

Second group present

 

4

we take Precipitate + Dil. HNO+ acetic acid +  K4[Fe (CN)6]

Chocolate brown coloured precipitate forms

Cu2+ is confirmed

 

RESULT: - Cupric ion (Cu2+ ) basic radical and Sulphate anion (SO42- )  acidic radicals are present in given salt CuSO4.

 

 

EXPERIMENT NO. – 06

 

OBJECTIVE:- To analyse the given salt for an acidic and a basic radical.

 

OBSERVATION :-

 

S. No.

EXPERIMENT

OBSERVATION

INFERENCE

 

PRELIMINARY TEST

 

1

Colour

Yellow  colour

Fe3+ may be presnt

 

2

Odour

No smell

NH4(CH3COO) absent

 

ACIDIC RADICAL TEST

 

1

Dil. H2SO4 test

 

we take  tets tube + salt + H2O +Dil. H2SO4

No gas produces

Dil H2SO4 group absent

 

2

Conc. H2SO4 test

 

we take test tube + salt + H2O + Conc. H2SO4

Colourless gas with pungent smell

Clmay be present

 

CHROMYL CHLORIDE TETS:-

 

3

we take Test tube + salt + solid potassium dichromate + Conc. H2SO4 + heat      pass the gas in Dil. NaOH + CH3COOH + lead acetate

Yellow precipitate forms

Clis confirmed

 

BASIC RADICAL TEST

 

1

Test tube + salt + NaOH

No gas produces

Zero group absent

 

2

Test tube + salt + H2O + dil. HCl + filter

No precipitate forms

Ist group absent

 

3

Filtrate + H2S gas + filter

No precipitate forms

IInd group absent

 

4

Filtrate + boil to remove H2S + NH4Cl + NH4OH + Filter

Reddish brown precipitate forms

IIIrd group present

 

5

we take Precipitate formed above test tube+ dil HCl + K4[Fe (CN)6]

Prussian blue colour appears

Fe3+ is confirmed

 

RESULT:- Ferric ion (Fe3+) basic radical and Chloride (Cl- )  acidic radicals are present in given salt FeCl3.

 

EXPERIMENT NO. - 07

 

OBJECTIVE:- To analyse the given salt for an acidic and a basic radical.

 

OBSERVATION :-

 

S. No.

EXPERIMENT

OBSERVATION

INFERENCE

 

PRELIMINARY TEST

 

1

Colour

Blue green

Ni2+ may be presnt

 

2

Odour

No smell

NH4(CH3COO-) absent

 

 

ACIDIC RADICAL TEST

 

1

Dil. H2SO4 test

 

we take Test tube + salt + H2O +Dil. H2SO4

No gas produces

Dil H2SO4 group absent

 

2

Conc. H2SO4 test

 

we take test tube + salt + H2O + Conc. H2SO4

Colourless gas with pungent smell

Clmay be present

 

3

CHROMYL CHLORIDE TETS:- we take Test tube + salt + solid potassium dichromate + Conc. H2SO4 + heat      pass the gas in Dil. NaOH + CH3COOH + lead acetate

Yellow precipiteate forms

Clconfirm

 

BASIC RADICAL TEST

 

1

we take Test tube + salt + NaOH

No gas produces

Zero group absent

 

2

we take Test tube + salt + H2O + dil. HCl + filter

No precipitate forms

IST group absent

 

3

we take Filtrate + H2S gas + filter

No precipitate forms

IInd group absent

 

4

we take Filtrate + boil to remove H2S + NH4Cl + NH4OH + Filter

No precipitate forms

IIIrd group absent

 

5

we take Filtrate + NH4OH + H2S + filter

Black precipitate forms

Fourth group present

 

6

we take Precipitate + H2O + dil. HCl + Dimethyl glyoxime (DMG) + dil. NaOH

Pink precipitate forms

Ni2+ confirms

 

RESULT:- Nickel ion (Ni2+) basic radical and Chloride anion (Cl) acidic radicals are present in   given salt NiCl2.

 

 

EXPERIMENT NO. - 08

 

OBJECTIVE:- To analyse the given salt for an acidic and a basic radical.

 

OBSERVATION :-

 

S. No.

EXPERIMENT

OBSERVATION

INFERENCE

 

PRELIMINARY TEST

 

1

Colour

White

Cu2+   Fe3+   Ni2+  absent

 

2

Odour

No smell

NH4(CH3COO) absent

 

ACIDIC RADICAL TEST

 

Dil. H2SO4 test

 

1

we take test tube + salt + H2O +Dil. H2SO4

colourless odourless gas evolves with brisk effervescence.

CO32- may be present

 

2

we Pass the gas through lime water in excess

lime water turns milky which turns colourless when excess gas is passed

CO32-  Confirm

 

BASIC RADICAL TEST

 

1

we take Test tube + salt + NaOH

No gas produces

Zero group absent

 

2

we take Test tube + salt + H2O + dil. HCl + filter

No precipitate forms

Ist  group absent

 

3

we take Filtrate + H2S gas + filter

No precipitate forms

IInd group absent

 

4

we take Filtrate + boil to remove H2S + NH4Cl + NH4OH + Filter

No precipitate forms

IIIrd group absent

 

5

we take Filtrate + NH4OH + H2S + filter

No precipitate forms

IVth group absent

 

6

we take Filtrate + NH4Cl + NH4OH + ammonium carbonate (NH4)2CO3 Filter

White  precipitate forms

Vth  group present

 

7

we take Precipitate + ammonium sulphate + ammonium oxalate

(NH4) 2C2O4

White  precipitate forms

Ca2+ confirm

 

RESULT:- Calcium ion (Ca2+) basic radical and Carbonate anion (CO32-) acidic radicals are present in given salt.

 

EXPERIMENT NO. - 09

 

OBJECTIVE:- To analyse the given salt for an acidic and a basic radical.

 

OBSERVATION :-

 

S. No.

EXPERIMENT

OBSERVATION

INFERENCE

 

PRELIMINARY TEST

 

1

Colour

White

Cu2+   Fe3+   Ni2+  absent

 

2

Odour

No smell

NH4and                (CH3COO-) absent

 

ACIDIC RADICAL TEST

 

Dil. H2SO4 test

 

1

we take test tube + salt + H2O +Dil. H2SO4

No gas produces

Dil H2SO4 group absent

 

Conc. H2SO4 test

 

1

we take test tube + salt + H2O + Conc. H2SO4

No gas produces

Conc. H2SO4 group absent

 

2

we take test tube + salt + H2O + BaCl2

White precipitate forms

Sulphate

(SO42-) is confirmed

 

BASIC RADICAL TEST

 

1

we take Test tube + salt + NaOH

No gas produces

Zero group absent

 

2

we take Test tube + salt + H2O + dil. HCl + filter

No precipitate forms

Ist  group absent

 

3

we take Filtrate + H2S gas + filter

No precipitate forms

IInd group absent

 

4

Filtrate + boil to remove H2S + NH4Cl + NH4OH + Filter

No precipitate forms

IIIrd group absent

 

5

we take Filtrate + NH4OH + H2S + filter

No precipitate forms

IVth group absent

 

6

we take Filtrate + NH4Cl + NH4OH + ammonium carbonate (NH4)2CO3 Filter

No precipitate forms

Vth group absent

 

7

we take Test tube + salt + H2O + NH4Cl + NH4OH + ammonium phosphate

White precipitate forms

Mg2+ is confirmed in VIth group

 

 

RESULT:- Magnesium ion (Mg2+) basic radical and sulphate (SO42-) acidic radicals are present in given salt MgSO4.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Wednesday, October 30, 2024

CBSE question bank for class X

 CBSE question bank for class X 


reference-CBSE

Monday, October 21, 2024

National Curriculum Framework (NCF) for School Education-2023


 

The latest National Curriculum Framework (NCF) for School Education 2023 outlines a comprehensive action plan for teaching science in classes 9 to 12. Here are the key elements of this action plan:

1.Capacities for Scientific Inquiry:

         ·       Focus on developing students' abilities to conduct scientific inquiry, including hypothesis formulation, experimentation, observation, and interpretation of data.

         ·   Encourage understanding of fundamental scientific theories, laws, and concepts across disciplines such as Biology, Chemistry, Physics, and Earth Science.

2. Interdisciplinary Approach:

      Promote an interdisciplinary understanding of science, connecting it with other subjects like mathematics, environmental education, and technology.

      Implement thematic studies that integrate various scientific disciplines to address real-world problems and contemporary challenges.

3.Practical and Experiential Learning:

  · Emphasize hands-on experiments, field trips, and project-based learning to enhance practical understanding.

  · Incorporate laboratories, science clubs, and fairs to provide experiential learning opportunities.

4.Use of Technology and Digital Tools:

  · Integrate digital tools and resources to facilitate interactive and engaging learning experiences.

  · Encourage the use of simulations, virtual labs, and online resources to complement traditional teaching methods.

5.Environmental Education:

  · Highlight the importance of environmental sustainability and integrate environmental education across the science curriculum.

  · Include topics related to climate change, biodiversity, pollution, and conservation in the curriculum.

6.Vocational Education:

  · Incorporate elements of vocational education related to science, such as agricultural science, biotechnology, and health sciences.

  · Provide students with opportunities to engage in vocational training and real-world applications of scientific knowledge.

7.Flexible and Choice-based Curriculum:

  · Offer flexibility in subject choices, allowing students to select combinations of science with other subjects according to their interests and career aspirations.

  · Ensure there is no strict separation between academic and vocational streams, providing an integrated learning experience.

8.Assessment and Evaluation:

  · Implement continuous and comprehensive evaluation methods, including formative and summative assessments.

  · Focus on assessing both theoretical understanding and practical skills through various evaluation tools like projects, lab work, and written exams

Sunday, September 8, 2024

POCSO Act 2019

 

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