MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS
Introduction
- Air, water, stones, sand, clouds, pencils, books – Everything is made up of matter. Matter is everything in this universe that occupies space and has mass.
- Ancient Indian philosophers said that all the matter, living or non-living was made up of five basic elements (panch tatva): air, earth, fire, sky and water.
- Modern day scientists classify matter in two ways: on the basis of its physical properties and on the basis of its chemical properties.
- On the basis of physical properties, matter is classified as solids, liquids and gases.
- On the basis of chemical properties, matter is classified as elements, compounds and mixtures.
Physical Nature of Matter
1. MATTER IS MADE UP OF PARTICLES
- is it continuous or particulate?
Matter is particulate in nature. This means that matter consists of particles as you can see in the microscopic image of a cube above.
-It can be verified by dissolving of sugar/Salt
in water filled in a beaker marked with
its water level.
-does the water level change?
-what happened?
2.What is the size of these particles?
- The size of the particles of matter is very small.
- They can be broken into further particles as well.
- It can be verified by dissolving potassium permanganate in a beaker filled with water
- On dilution of a colorful solution, as shown in the figure below, we can still see the color. This means there are millions of particles present in the color which just divide themselves on dilution.
Characteristics of particles of matter
- Made of tiny particles.
- Particles of matter have spaces between them.
- Particles are in continuous motion.
Hence, they possess kinetic energy.
- Particles are held together by forces of attraction(Particles of matter attract each other).because of a force of attraction between them.
States of Matter Basis of Classification of Types:
- Based upon particle arrangement
- Based upon energy of particles (kinetic energy)
- Based upon distance between particles
Five states of matter:
(i) Solid
(ii) Liquid
(iii) Gas
others
(iv) Plasma
(v) Bose-Einstein condensate
1.SOLID
- Fixed mass, volume and shape
- Inter-particle distances are least.
- Incompressible.
- High density and do not diffuse
- Inter particle forces of attraction are strongest.
- Constituent particles are very closely packed.
2.LIQUID
- Not fixed shape but fixed volume and mass.
- Inter particle distances are larger than solid.
- Almost incompressible.
- Density is lower than solids and can diffuse.
- Inter particle forces of attraction are weaker than solids .
- Constituent particles are less closely packed.
3.GAS
- Neither fixed shape nor fixed volume.
- Inter particle distances are largest.
- Highly compressible.
- Density is least and diffuse.
- Inter particle forces of attraction are weakest.
- Constituent particles are free to move about.
4. PLASMA (NON-EVALUATIVE)
- A plasma is an ionized gas.
- A plasma is a very good conductor of electricity and is affected by magnetic fields.
- Plasma, like gases have an indefinite shape and an indefinite volume. Ex. Ionized gas
5. BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE (non –evaluative)
- A BEC is a state of matter that can arise at very low temperatures.
- The scientists who worked with the Bose-Einstein condensate received a Nobel Prize for their work in 1995.
- The BEC is all about molecules that are really close to each other (even closer than atoms in a solid).